To overcome the Bengali domination and prevent formation of the central government in Islamabad, the controversial One Unit programme established the two wings of East and West Pakistan. : xxx The geographical distance between the eastern and western wings of Pakistan was vast East Pakistan lay over 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) away, which greatly hampered any attempt to integrate the Bengali and the Pakistani cultures. These led to the resignation of President Ayub Khan, who invited army chief General Yahya Khan to take over the central government.
The political tensions between East Bengal and West Pakistan had its origin in the creation of Pakistan as a result of the partition of India by the United Kingdom in 1947 the popular language movement in 1950 mass riots in East Bengal in 1964 and the mass protests in 1969. The Indo-Pakistani conflict was sparked by the Bangladesh Liberation War, a conflict between the traditionally dominant West Pakistanis and the majority East Pakistanis. Main articles: Cable 1971, Admiral Ahsan Mission, Bangladesh Liberation War, Mukti Bahini, Timeline of Bangladesh Liberation War, and 1971 Bangladesh genocide Most of the rape victims of the Pakistani Army and its allies were Hindu women.
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ĭuring the 1971 Bangladesh war for independence, members of the Pakistani military and supporting pro Pakistani Islamist militias called the Razakars raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bangladeshi women and girls in a systematic campaign of genocidal rape. As a result of the conflict, a further eight to ten million people fled the country to seek refuge in India. It is estimated that members of the Pakistani military and supporting pro Pakistani Islamist militias killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 civilians in Bangladesh.
The remaining 10,324 to 12,500 prisoners were civilians, either family members of the military personnel or collaborators ( Razakars). Approximately 90,000 to 93,000 Pakistani servicemen were taken prisoner by the Indian Army, which included 79,676 to 81,000 uniformed personnel of the Pakistan Armed Forces, including some Bengali soldiers who had remained loyal to Pakistan. Officially, East Pakistan had earlier called for its secession from Pakistan on 26 March 1971. 13 days after the war started, India achieved a clear upper hand, the Eastern Command of the Pakistan military signed the instrument of surrender on 16 December 1971 in Dhaka, marking the formation of East Pakistan as the new nation of Bangladesh. The war began with Operation Chengiz Khan's preemptive aerial strikes on 11 Indian air stations, which led to the commencement of hostilities with Pakistan and Indian entry into the war for independence in East Pakistan on the side of Bengali nationalist forces, expanding the existing conflict with Indian and Pakistani forces engaging on both eastern and western fronts. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a military confrontation between India and Pakistan that occurred during the Bangladesh Liberation War in East Pakistan from 3 December 1971 to the fall of Dacca ( Dhaka) on 16 December 1971.
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